{"id":1096,"date":"2026-06-03T13:27:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T10:27:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/?p=1096"},"modified":"2026-06-03T13:27:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T10:27:38","slug":"1956-macaristan-devrimi-bitirme-tezi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/?p=1096","title":{"rendered":"1956 Macaristan Devrimi – Bitirme Tezi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1956 Macaristan Devrimi: Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne Kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130syan\u0131n Nedenleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baki Berk Munar 1,*<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Lisans \u00d6\u011frencisi, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler, Kapadokya \u00dcniversitesi, Nev\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye. ORCID: 0009-0007-6318-7131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* \u0130leti\u015fim: baki.munar@kun.edu.tr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6z:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, 1956 Macaristan Devrimi\u2019ni ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan tarihsel s\u00fcreci geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede ele almaktad\u0131r. Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Macar n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n anavatan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmas\u0131, Macar toplumunda derin bir ulusal k\u0131rg\u0131nl\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan Macar topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden anavatana katma f\u0131rsat\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu nedenle Macaristan sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Almanya\u2019ya yak\u0131n revizyonist bir politika izlemi\u015ftir. Ancak sava\u015f\u0131n seyri de\u011fi\u015fince Macar y\u00f6netimi Mihver\u2019den koparak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile temas kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; bunun sonucunda \u00fclke hem Alman hem de Sovyet i\u015fgaline maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Sovyet etkisi alt\u0131nda kurulan R\u00e1kosi y\u00f6netimi, siyasi bask\u0131 ve ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131larla toplumda geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir ho\u015fnutsuzluk yaratm\u0131\u015f ve bu ortam 1956\u2019daki devrime zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrimin ilk g\u00fcnlerinde Macarlar, Imre Nagy liderli\u011finde reforme edilmi\u015f, Sovyet bask\u0131s\u0131ndan uzak ve ulusal nitelikte bir sosyalist sistemi kabul etmeye haz\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Ancak olaylar h\u0131zla geli\u015fmi\u015f; b\u00fcy\u00fcyen toplumsal destekle birlikte devrimin talepleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Macaristan iste\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Sovyet y\u00f6netimini do\u011frudan tehdit etmi\u015f ve bunun sonucunda Sovyet ordusu tanklarla Budape\u015fte\u2019ye girerek devrimi kanl\u0131 bir m\u00fcdahaleyle bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen Macarlar, ulusal kimliklerini ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k arzular\u0131n\u0131 Sovyet y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda dahi korumu\u015ftur. Bu uzun direni\u015f ruhu, 1989\u2019da gen\u00e7 Viktor Orb\u00e1n\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan tarihi konu\u015fmas\u0131yla yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmu\u015f ve sonunda Sovyet askerlerinin Macaristan\u2019dan tamamen \u00e7ekilmesiyle somut bir kazan\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anahtar S\u00f6zc\u00fckler: ( Macaristan, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, 1956 Macar Devrimi)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study examines the historical process that led to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 within a broad framework. The fact that a significant portion of the Hungarian population remained outside the borders of the homeland after the Treaty of Trianon created deep national resentment within the Hungarian community, and World War II was seen as an opportunity to reintegrate these expatriate Hungarian communities into the motherland. Therefore, Hungary pursued a revisionist policy close to Germany at the beginning of the war.  However, as the course of the war changed, the Hungarian government attempted to break away from the Axis and establish contacts with the Soviet Union; As a result, the country was subjected to both German and Soviet occupation.  The R\u00e1kosi regime, established under Soviet influence in the post-war period, created widespread discontent in society through political repression and economic hardships, and this environment laid the groundwork for the revolution in 1956.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the early days of the revolution, the Hungarians, under the leadership of Imre Nagy, appeared ready to accept a reformed, national socialist system free from Soviet oppression.  However, events developed rapidly; with growing popular support, the revolution’s demands soon transformed into a call for full independence for Hungary. This transformation directly threatened the Soviet regime, and as a result, the Soviet army entered Budapest with tanks and suppressed the revolution through a bloody intervention.  Despite this, the Hungarians preserved their national identity and desire for independence even under Soviet rule.  This spirit of long-standing resistance reemerged in 1989 with young Viktor Orb\u00e1n’s historic speech calling for freedom, and eventually culminated in a concrete victory with the complete withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords: ( Hungary, Soviet Union, Hungarian Revolution of 1956)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TE\u015eEKK\u00dcR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fta ailem olmak \u00fczere, hayat\u0131m\u0131n her d\u00f6neminde maddi ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen, e\u011fitim hayat\u0131m boyunca kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m zorluklarda yan\u0131mda olan ve bana her zaman g\u00fcven a\u015f\u0131layan aileme en i\u00e7ten te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimi sunar\u0131m. Bug\u00fcnlere gelmemde onlar\u0131n sabr\u0131, fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve deste\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck paya sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde bilgi, tecr\u00fcbe ve de\u011ferli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle bana rehberlik eden, akademik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeme katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan tez dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131m Say\u0131n Dr. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f S\u00fcmer’e te\u015fekk\u00fcr\u00fc bir bor\u00e7 bilirim. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n her a\u015famas\u0131nda g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu ilgi, sab\u0131r ve yol g\u00f6stericili\u011fi bu tezin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca lisans e\u011fitimim boyunca bana akademik ve ki\u015fisel anlamda katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan, nitelikli e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla kendimi geli\u015ftirmeme imk\u00e2n sunan Kapadokya \u00dcniversitesi’ne ve Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’n\u00fcn de\u011ferli akademik kadrosuna \u015f\u00fckranlar\u0131m\u0131 sunar\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baki Berk Munar<\/strong>
Haziran 2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f. 5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. TRIANON ANTLA\u015eMASI VE II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NA G\u0130DEN S\u00dcRE\u00c7. 6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Toprak Kay\u0131plar\u0131 6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Revizyonist Politikan\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu ve Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131 ile Yak\u0131nla\u015fma. 6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Kat\u0131l\u0131m ve \u201cKay\u0131p Topraklar\u0131 Geri Alma\u201d Hedefi 7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 Almanya\u2019dan Kopma Giri\u015fimi ve 1944 Alman \u0130\u015fgali 7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 Sovyet Ordusunun Macaristan\u2019a Giri\u015fi (1944\u20131945) 8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. SOVYET ETK\u0130S\u0130NDE MACAR\u0130STAN (1945\u20131956) 8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Kom\u00fcnist Partinin \u0130ktidar\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7irmesi 8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 R\u00e1kosi D\u00f6nemi Uygulanan Stalinist Y\u00f6netim ve Toplumsal Ho\u015fnutsuzluk. 9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 1953 Kru\u015f\u00e7ev \u0130ktidar\u0131 ile Ba\u015flat\u0131lan Yumu\u015fama S\u00fcreci 10<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 Nagy\u2019nin G\u00f6revden Al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Ger\u0151 D\u00f6nemi 11<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. 1956 MACAR\u0130STAN DEVR\u0130M\u0130 11<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Entelekt\u00fcel Hareketler ve \u00d6\u011frenci Talepleri 11<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 23 Ekim 1956 Olaylar\u0131 13<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 Devrimin Radikalle\u015fmesi 14<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.4 4 Kas\u0131m 1956: Sovyet M\u00fcdahalesi 15<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. DEVR\u0130M\u0130N SONU\u00c7LARI VE K\u00c1D\u00c1R D\u00d6NEM\u0130 16<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1 Nagy\u2019nin Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve \u0130dam\u0131 16<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 K\u00e1d\u00e1r Y\u00f6netimi Alt\u0131nda Gula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizmi ve G\u00f6rece Liberalizasyon. 18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. SOVYET ETK\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N SONA ERMES\u0130 VE TAM BA\u011eIMSIZ MACAR\u0130STAN.. 18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.1 Perestroyka ve Glasnost Politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Macaristan\u2019da G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. 18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 1989 Nagy\u2019nin Yeniden Defni ve Orb\u00e1n\u2019\u0131n Tarihi Konu\u015fmas\u0131 19<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 Sovyet Askerlerinin Macaristan\u2019dan \u00c7ekilmesi (1991) 20<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7. 20<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A. 22<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, 1956 Macaristan Devrimi\u2019ni ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan tarihsel, siyasal ve toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7leri incelemeyi ve devrimin k\u0131sa ve uzun vadeli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na giden s\u00fcre\u00e7 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda imzalanan Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan Macar n\u00fcfusunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ulusal travma ve bunun Macar d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131ndaki revizyonist e\u011filimlere etkisi de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131 ile kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkiler, sava\u015f s\u00fcrecindeki politikalar\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda \u00fclkenin Alman ve Sovyet i\u015fgaliyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmas\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde devrim \u00f6ncesi Sovyet etkisinde kalan Macaristan (1945\u20131956) d\u00f6nemi incelenmektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda Macaristan\u2019da kurulan sosyalist sistem, kom\u00fcnist partinin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme s\u00fcreci ve Stalinist y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi d\u00f6neminde uygulanan sert yap\u0131l\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik uygulamalar ile toplumda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ho\u015fnutsuzluklar de\u011ferlendirilmekte; ard\u0131ndan gelen Kru\u015f\u00e7ev iktidar\u0131nda  g\u00f6rece yumu\u015fak sosyalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla uygulanan reform giri\u015fimleri ve Imre Nagy\u2019nin buradaki siyasi rol\u00fc incelenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde 1956 Macaristan Devrimi\u2019nin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fimi ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde devrimin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olan toplumsal ve siyasi fakt\u00f6rler, \u00f6\u011frencilerin ve entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelerin talepleri, 23 Ekim 1956\u2019da ba\u015flayan protestolar ve devrimin k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir ayaklanmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi kronolojik olarak incelenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Imre Nagy\u2019nin yeniden ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa getirilmesi, reform taleplerinin giderek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iste\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ve Sovyet ordusunun m\u00fcdahalesiyle devrimin bast\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcreci de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde devrimin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00e7ok\u00e7a ele\u015ftirilerle kurulan J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6nemi ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplumdaki huzursuzlu\u011fu azaltmak ve siyasi istikrar\u0131 yeniden sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla g\u00f6rece daha esnek ekonomik ve sosyal politikalar i\u00e7eren  ve \u201cGula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizmi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan sistem incelenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan reform politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fczerindeki etkileri ele al\u0131nmakta ve bu politikalar sonucu 1989\u2019da Viktor Orb\u00e1n\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Sovyet birliklerinin Macaristan\u2019\u0131 terk etme s\u00fcrecine de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonunda, Macar Devrimi\u2019nin 23 Ekim 1956\u2019dan 4 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihine kadar birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu devrimin, Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcr ya\u015fama arzusundan do\u011fan ve k\u00f6kenleri 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar dayanan uzun soluklu bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ortaya konmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. TRIANON ANTLA\u015eMASI VE II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NA G\u0130DEN S\u00dcRE\u00c7<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

 <\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Toprak Kay\u0131plar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan galip devletler taraf\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019da kurulan yeni uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, Orta Avrupa\u2019daki siyasi dengeleri k\u00f6kl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015ftan ma\u011flup olarak \u00e7\u0131kan Macaristan taraf\u0131, \u00fczerinden 106 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmayacak olan Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na imza atmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Macaristan, Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan sahip oldu\u011fu topraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015ftir. \u00dclkenin y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini kaybetmi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fmayla Transilvanya Romanya\u2019ya, Slovakya ve Karpat b\u00f6lgesi \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019ya, g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgeler ise Yugoslavya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Macar halk\u0131 ad\u0131na antla\u015fman\u0131n en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 ise etnik ve demografik a\u00e7\u0131dan olmu\u015ftur. Trianon sonras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyon Macar, anavatanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f ve farkl\u0131 devletlerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum y\u0131llar ge\u00e7se de Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n akl\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmayacak bir travma b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Revizyonist Politikan\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu ve Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131 ile Yak\u0131nla\u015fma<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan galip \u00e7\u0131kan devletler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen ve mevcut d\u00fczenden memnun oldu\u011funu ifade eden \u201cstat\u00fckocu\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f ile sava\u015ftan ma\u011flup ayr\u0131lan ve mevcut d\u00fczenden rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu ve bu d\u00fczenin de\u011fi\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fini ifade eden \u201crevizyonist\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda belirleyici fakt\u00f6rlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Revizyonizm, Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile travmatize olmu\u015f bir millet de kaybedilen topraklar\u0131n yeniden Macaristan\u2019a kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek bir anahtar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macar kamuoyunda s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan Macar topluluklar\u0131, ulusal kimli\u011fin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve bu topluluklar\u0131n durumu s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00fcndemde tutulmu\u015ftur. E\u011fitim sistemi, bas\u0131n ve siyasi s\u00f6ylemler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Trianon\u2019un yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131plar hat\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu durumun ge\u00e7ici oldu\u011fu ve bir g\u00fcn d\u00fczeltilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir inan\u00e7 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Revizyonist politikan\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 geli\u015fmeler de etkili olmu\u015ftur. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 olu\u015fan siyasi konjonkt\u00fcr, kaybedilen topraklar\u0131 ve 2 milyona yak\u0131n Macar vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tekrardan anavatana katma amac\u0131 g\u00fcden Macaristan ile I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 kurulan siyasi d\u00fczenden memnun olmayan Adolf Hitler Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ve ilk sava\u015ftan istedi\u011fi toprak-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kazan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 elde edemeyen Mussolini \u0130talya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Kat\u0131l\u0131m ve \u201cKay\u0131p Topraklar\u0131 Geri Alma\u201d Hedefi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle birlikte Macaristan\u2019da bir otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu bo\u015flu\u011fu ise sosyalizm sempatizanlar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle B\u00e9la Kun \u00f6nderli\u011finde kurulan Macaristan Sovyet Cumhuriyeti doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu devletin \u00f6mr\u00fc yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rt ayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun nedenleri, hem i\u00e7 politikada B\u00e9la Kun\u2019un uygulamaya koymak istedi\u011fi toprak reformu politikas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yeterince benimsenmemesi hem de d\u0131\u015f politikada \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin b\u00f6lgede yeni bir kom\u00fcnist rejim istememeleri nedeniyle uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bask\u0131lar olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. (Trory, 1981, s. 18-27)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgede yeni bir kom\u00fcnist rejimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan endi\u015fe duyan \u0130tilaf Devletleri (ba\u015fta Fransa olmak \u00fczere), Macaristan\u2019a askeri bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunma fikri \u00fczerinde uzla\u015fm\u0131\u015f; ancak bunu dolayl\u0131 yoldan Romanya birlikleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Romanya g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin Budape\u015fte\u2019ye girmesiyle Macaristan Sovyet Cumhuriyeti y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Macaristan\u2019da yeniden bir otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bo\u015fluk, Frans\u0131z askerlerinin kontrol\u00fcnde bulunan Szeged \u015fehrinde birliklerini toplayan ve \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle Budape\u015fte\u2019ye y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar naibi unvan\u0131n\u0131 alan Mikl\u00f3s Horthy taraf\u0131ndan doldurulmu\u015ftur. 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda iktidara gelen Horthy, milliyet\u00e7ilik ideolojisinin y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda, anti-semitist ve \u00fclkesini Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lardan kurtarmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan revizyonist bir d\u0131\u015f politika izlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horthy\u2019nin izledi\u011fi bu d\u0131\u015f politika, Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Adolf Hitler liderli\u011findeki Almanya ile siyasi olarak yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na ve ard\u0131ndan birlikte sava\u015fa girmesine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ilerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te bu yak\u0131nla\u015fma, Macaristan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Almanya\u2019ya giderek artan bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 Almanya\u2019dan Kopma Giri\u015fimi ve 1944 Alman \u0130\u015fgali<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Macaristan Trianon\u2019da kaybetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n destekleriyle geri kazanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 Macaristan i\u00e7in Almanya taraf\u0131nda yer alman\u0131n cazibesini art\u0131rsa da Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Barbarossa harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131 Almanya ve m\u00fcttefikleri ad\u0131na sava\u015f\u0131n seyrini de\u011fi\u015ftiren an olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu geli\u015fmeyle birlikte Almanya sald\u0131r\u0131 konumundan giderek savunma konumuna ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve sava\u015f\u0131n genel dengesi Mihver Devletleri aleyhine de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu durum Almanya\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki Macaristan taraf\u0131ndan da yak\u0131ndan takip edilmi\u015f ve Macar siyasi elitleri Almanya\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131 kaybetme ihtimalinin giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini fark etmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Mikl\u00f3s Horthy y\u00f6netimi, \u00fclkenin sava\u015f\u0131n olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan korunabilmesi amac\u0131yla Almanya\u2019dan uzakla\u015fma aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015f ve gizli diplomatik kanallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile temaslar kurmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Macaristan\u2019\u0131n bu giri\u015fimleri Adolf Hitler liderli\u011findeki Almanya taraf\u0131ndan ihanet olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman ordusu Budape\u015fte\u2019ye girerek Macaristan \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan kontrol kurmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u00fcrecin devam\u0131nda Almanya, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na tam uyum sa\u011flayacak bir y\u00f6netimi iktidara getirmi\u015f ve Ferenc Sz\u00e1lasi liderli\u011findeki Ok-Ha\u00e7 Partisi\u2019ni ba\u015fa ge\u00e7irerek \u00fclkede bir t\u00fcr kukla h\u00fck\u00fcmet olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. (Bekcan, 2019, s. 16) Alman i\u015fgalinin ard\u0131ndan Macaristan, fiilen Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 Sovyet Ordusunun Macaristan\u2019a Giri\u015fi (1944\u20131945)<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n seyri Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fmeye devam etmi\u015ftir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Barbarossa Harekat\u0131 sonras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 pozisyonuna ge\u00e7mesiyle birlikte K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerlemi\u015f ve bu ilerleyi\u015f kapsam\u0131nda 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Macaristan topraklar\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Macaristan\u2019da yo\u011funla\u015fan Almanya-SSCB \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Sovyet ordusunun ilerleyi\u015fiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ve nihayetinde \u00fclke Sovyet kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. 1945 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla Macaristan\u2019da sava\u015f fiilen sona ermi\u015f, ancak bu durum Macaristan ad\u0131na \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir siyasal yap\u0131ya kavu\u015ftu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmemi\u015ftir. Aksine Sovyetler burada yeni bir siyasal d\u00fczenin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7arak ileride Macaristan\u2019da kurulacak kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netimin temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. SOVYET ETK\u0130S\u0130NDE MACAR\u0130STAN (1945\u20131956)<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

 <\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Kom\u00fcnist Partinin \u0130ktidar\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7irmesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da sava\u015f bitmi\u015f ancak Avrupa topraklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lma s\u00fcreci bitmemi\u015fti. 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yalta\u2019da bir araya gelen m\u00fcttefik devlet liderleri, Joseph Stalin\u2019in Sovyet g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u201ctampon b\u00f6lge\u201d olu\u015fturma iste\u011fini kabul etmi\u015f b\u00f6ylece II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Macaristan, Sovyet i\u015fgali alt\u0131nda yeniden \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk serbest se\u00e7imlerde halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu oyunu \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ve daha demokratik bir d\u00fczeni savunan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Toprak Sahipleri Partisi\u2019nden yana kulland\u0131. Bu parti se\u00e7imlerde a\u00e7\u0131k ara birinci gelerek mecliste \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sa\u011flarken, ileride Macar Sosyalist \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak Macar Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ise yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir oy oran\u0131nda kald\u0131.  Bu oy oranlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen kontrol\u00fc tamamen elinde tutan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, kom\u00fcnistlerin y\u00f6netimden d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na izin vermedi. Aksine, onlar\u0131 ba\u015fta \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere kilit g\u00f6revlere getirerek, ileride yapaca\u011f\u0131 muhalefet tasfiyeleri i\u00e7in polis ve g\u00fcvenlik mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Kom\u00fcnistlerin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme s\u00fcreci ani bir darbeden ziyade, a\u015famal\u0131 ve planl\u0131 bir stratejiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin lideri konumunda bulunan M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi bu s\u00fcreci \u201csalam takti\u011fi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemle y\u00f6netti. Bu stratejiye g\u00f6re muhalefet bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011fil, par\u00e7a par\u00e7a ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ba\u015fta K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Topraklar Sahibi Partisi y\u00f6neticileri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok isim fa\u015fist ya da kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci iftiralar\u0131yla ya tutukland\u0131 ya da s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. 1947 se\u00e7imlerine gelindi\u011finde art\u0131k siyasi ortam tamamen e\u015fitlikten uzakt\u0131. Kom\u00fcnistler, bask\u0131, propaganda ve se\u00e7im hileleriyle g\u00fc\u00e7lerini art\u0131rd\u0131. Bu se\u00e7imlerden sonra muhalefet partileri ya etkisiz hale getirildi ya da zorla kom\u00fcnistlerle birle\u015fmeye mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7ok partili sistem fiilen ortadan kalkt\u0131 ve \u00fclke tek parti y\u00f6netimine do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi, Macaristan\u2019da en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc siyasi fig\u00fcr haline geldi ve \u00fclkenin liderli\u011fini \u00fcstlendi. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen yeni anayasa ile Macaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti ilan edildi. B\u00f6ylece Macaristan resmen Sovyet modeline dayanan sosyalist bir devlet haline geldi. R\u00e1kosi\u2019nin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda \u00fclke, merkezi planl\u0131 ekonomi, yo\u011fun devlet kontrol\u00fc ve sert siyasi bask\u0131larla karakterize edilen bir d\u00f6neme girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 R\u00e1kosi D\u00f6nemi Uygulanan Stalinist Y\u00f6netim ve Toplumsal Ho\u015fnutsuzluk<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi liderli\u011finde Macaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Sovyet modeline dayal\u0131 kat\u0131 bir Stalinist sisteme do\u011fru evrildi. Rakosi\u2019nin Macaristan\u2019da oturtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Stalinist sanayi modeli, a\u011f\u0131r sanayiye \u00f6ncelik vererek \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde her \u015feyin \u00fcretilmesini bekleyen, Macaristan ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olmayan ve ya\u015fam standard\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren bir sistemdi. Tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda da durumlar pek farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Tar\u0131mda kolektifle\u015ftirme ad\u0131mlar\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131rken \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde biraz daha fazla topra\u011f\u0131 olan, devletin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti kald\u0131rmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan mal sahipleri ise \u201ckulak\u201d ismiyle damgalanarak \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlere s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi ya da idam edildi. (Gy\u00f6rgy, 1991, s. 20-21).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rako\u015fici rejim e\u011fitim sisteminde okullarda polisiye romanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve pembe dizi edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 yasakl\u0131yor ama Macar edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n okutulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece kom\u00fcnist rejim, 1848 \u0130htilali ve Avusturya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 verilen kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 okuyarak \u00f6\u011frenen bir neslin eline adeta kendine do\u011frultmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir silah veriyordu. (Fejt\u00f6, 2012, s. 55)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Stalinist sistem, siyasal olarak yaln\u0131zca farkl\u0131 ideolojilere de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Moskova d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kom\u00fcnist kadrolara kar\u015f\u0131 da g\u00fcvensiz ve d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 bir tutum sergiliyordu. Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rne\u011fi ku\u015fkusuz II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Macaristan\u2019da i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenen L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Rajk\u2019\u0131n Joseph Stalin\u2019in Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da kurmak istedi\u011fi tam Sovyet kontrol\u00fcne dayal\u0131 uydu devlet sistemine yana\u015fmayarak kendi sosyalist devlet modelini kuran Tito\u2019ya yanda\u015fl\u0131kla su\u00e7lanarak idam edilmesi olmu\u015ftur. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Rajk\u2019\u0131n idam\u0131 ve Sovyet modeline dayal\u0131 kat\u0131 Stalinist model, Macar toplumunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir huzursuzluk yaratm\u0131\u015f ve 1956 Macar Devrimi\u2019ne giden yolun tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 1953 Kru\u015f\u00e7ev \u0130ktidar\u0131 ile Ba\u015flat\u0131lan Yumu\u015fama S\u00fcreci<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stalin\u2019in 5 Mart 1953 tarihinde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesinin ard\u0131ndan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi liderli\u011fi i\u00e7in Georgi Malenkov, Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev, Lavrenti Beriya, Lazar Kaganovi\u00e7, Nikolay Bulganin ve Vya\u00e7eslav Molotov aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir iktidar m\u00fccadelesi ya\u015fand\u0131. (Karadeli, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u0130lk A\u015famas\u0131nda Do\u011fu Avrupa: Sosyalizm ve Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131, 2020) Bu yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n kazanan\u0131 Parti Merkez Komitesi\u2019ndeki destek\u00e7ileriyle Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev, Stalin d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan keyfi tutuklamalar ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Blo\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde derin bir huzursuzluk yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve bunun kom\u00fcnizm ad\u0131na bir dezavantaj oldu\u011funun fark\u0131ndayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece mutlakiyet\u00e7i ve bask\u0131c\u0131 rejimi tersine \u00e7evirmeye karar veren Kru\u015f\u00e7ev bir dizi stratejik ve doktrinel de\u011fi\u015fiklik ba\u015flatt\u0131. (G\u00f6nel, 2009, s. 20). Destalinizasyon s\u00f6ylemleriyle yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan bu yolda i\u00e7 politikada gizli polis te\u015fkilat\u0131 temizlenerek yeniden olu\u015fturuldu. Stalin d\u00f6nemi kurbanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in haklar\u0131n\u0131 geri verme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131, bir\u00e7ok siyasi mahkum serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve halk\u0131n ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ekonomide a\u011f\u0131r sanayi \u00fcretiminden hafif sanayi \u00fcretimine do\u011fru bir kayma ya\u015fand\u0131. D\u0131\u015f politikada ise Stalin d\u00f6neminden kalma SSCB-Yugoslavya gerilimi giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ili\u015fkilerin yeniden yumu\u015famas\u0131 ad\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan y\u00f6netimde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fiklik bir Do\u011fu Blo\u011fu \u00fclkesi olan Macaristan\u2019\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. (Uslu, 2006).Kru\u015f\u00e7ev \u00f6nderli\u011finde Sovyet y\u00f6netimi, R\u00e1kosi\u2019nin Macaristan\u2019da uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sert Stalinist politikalar\u0131n fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bunun Macaristan\u2019daki ekonomik ve toplumsal krizi b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bundan dolay\u0131 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendisinden ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k makam\u0131n\u0131 daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve reformcu bir profile sahip Imre Nagy\u2019a b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 ve sadece parti genel sekreteri olarak g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k mevkisine gelen Imre Nagy k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r sanayiden hafif sanayiye ge\u00e7i\u015f, bas\u0131nda sans\u00fcr\u00fcn azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve baz\u0131 mahkumlar\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi uygulamalar\u0131yla Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n sevgisini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sevginin partinin kendisine de\u011fil de Imre Nagy\u2019\u0131n kendisine oldu\u011funu g\u00f6ren R\u00e1kosi ise Nagy\u2019\u0131 sa\u011f sapmac\u0131l\u0131k ve parti \u00e7izgisinden uzakla\u015fmakla su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f ve politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, R\u00e1kosi ile Nagy aras\u0131ndaki siyasi rekabetin giderek derinle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, parti i\u00e7erisinde bir tarafta Stalinist \u00e7izgiyi savunan R\u00e1kosi yanl\u0131lar\u0131, di\u011fer tarafta ise reformcu politikalar\u0131 destekleyen Nagy taraftarlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 Nagy\u2019nin G\u00f6revden Al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Ger\u0151 D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan yumu\u015fama politikalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda Macaristan\u2019da ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k g\u00f6revine getirilen ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 reformlarla k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n sevgisini kazanan Imre Nagy, toplumda ge\u00e7ici de olsa bir rahatlama ortam\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu reform s\u00fcreci, Sovyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 sert kom\u00fcnist kadrolar\u0131n tepkisini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Macaristan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi i\u00e7erisinde etkisini koruyan M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi ve onun \u00e7evresindeki Stalinist kadrolar, Nagy\u2019nin reformlar\u0131n\u0131 sosyalist sistem i\u00e7in bir tehdit olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. \u00d6zellikle parti \u00fczerindeki denetimin gev\u015femesi ve toplumda daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir atmosferin olu\u015fmas\u0131 Moskova\u2019y\u0131 da rahats\u0131z etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sovyet y\u00f6netimi, Do\u011fu Bloku \u00fclkelerinde siyasi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin artmas\u0131n\u0131n ve reform hareketlerinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n domino etkisi yarataca\u011f\u0131ndan endi\u015fe ediyordu. Moskova\u2019ya g\u00f6re bir \u00fclkede merkezi kontrol\u00fcn zay\u0131flamas\u0131, di\u011fer sosyalist \u00fclkelerde de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve Sovyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketleri te\u015fvik edebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Bu nedenle 1955 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkeleri \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131zca siyasi yolla de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zaman da askeri yolla koruyabilece\u011fi Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n NATO\u2019suna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131n\u0131 kurdu ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131 da bu gruba dahil etti. B\u00f6ylece siyasi bask\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131  savunan Stalinist kanat, Moskova\u2019n\u0131n da deste\u011fini alarak yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Imre Nagy g\u00f6revden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Nagy\u2019nin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 Macar halk\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ciddi bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratt\u0131. \u00d6zellikle \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri ve entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evre, sistemin yeniden bask\u0131c\u0131 bir hal almas\u0131ndan son derece rahats\u0131zd\u0131. Imre Nagy\u2019nin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bo\u015falan ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k makam\u0131na Andr\u00e1s Heged\u00fcs getirilirken, Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev halk\u0131n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi y\u00f6netiminden duydu\u011fu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n fark\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu nedenle Sovyet y\u00f6netimi, R\u00e1kosi\u2019yi g\u00f6revden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak parti genel sekreterli\u011fi g\u00f6revine Ern\u0151 Ger\u0151\u2019y\u00fc getirdi. Bu iki isim Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla bilinen kat\u0131 Stalinist profillerdi ve reform taleplerine kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a sert bir tutum benimsiyorlard\u0131. Toplum i\u00e7erisindeki ekonomik sorunlar devam ederken bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne bir de siyasi bask\u0131n\u0131n yeniden eklenmesi halk\u0131n rejime kar\u015f\u0131 olan \u00f6fkesini b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc. Halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde tek bir se\u00e7enek kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 DEVR\u0130M!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. 1956 MACAR\u0130STAN DEVR\u0130M\u0130<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Entelekt\u00fcel Hareketler ve \u00d6\u011frenci Talepleri<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1956 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131 ilk buhran\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Burhanl\u0131, s. 5) Polonya\u2019n\u0131n Poznan \u015fehrinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler, k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar nedeniyle ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 protestolar k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Sovyet y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir halk hareketine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Polonya halk\u0131, y\u00f6netimin ba\u015f\u0131nda iktidar\u0131 s\u00fcresince siyasal bask\u0131y\u0131 azaltan W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomu\u0142ka\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6rmek istiyorlard\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in var g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle m\u00fccadele ettiler. G\u00f6sterilerde g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin sert m\u00fcdahalesi sonucunda \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ancak t\u00fcm bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen Polonya halk\u0131 geri ad\u0131m atmad\u0131 ve sonunda Sovyet y\u00f6netimi, W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomu\u0142ka\u2019n\u0131n yeniden y\u00f6netime gelmesini kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Poznan\u2019da ya\u015fanan ayaklanma Macaristan\u2019da \u00f6zellikle \u00f6\u011frenciler ve entelekt\u00fcel kesim taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan takip ediliyordu. Bu sebeple Macar Ayaklanmas\u0131 Polonya\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ifadesi pek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. (Fejt\u00f6, 2012) Polonya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylar, Do\u011fu blo\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde yer alan ve ayn\u0131 siyasi, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan muzdarip bir di\u011fer \u00fclke olan Macaristan i\u00e7in bir umut kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 22 Ekim 1956 ak\u015fam\u0131 adeta devrimin bir \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu. (Karadeli, s. 247) Mevcut durumdan rahats\u0131z olan Budape\u015fte Teknik \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011frencileri, taleplerini 16 maddelik bir bildiride bir araya toplama ve 23 Ekim 1956 tarihinde yap\u0131lacak bask\u0131c\u0131 sosyalist rejime tepki y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde bu kararlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en 16 madde \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Sovyet birliklerinin Macaristan’dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Macar \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi’nin yeni bir se\u00e7im d\u00fczenlemesi, yeni bir merkez\u00ee liderlik i\u00e7in parti kongresinin toplanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Imre Nagy ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir h\u00fck\u00fbmet kurulmas\u0131 ve Matyas Rakosi ‘nin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) Mih\u00e1ly Farkas ve di\u011ferleri hakk\u0131ndaki davalar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) Genel, e\u015fit, gizli se\u00e7imler, daha fazla siyasi parti, yeni bir ulusal meclis ve grev hakk\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) Macaristan-Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ili\u015fkileri ve Macaristan-Yugoslavya ili\u015fkilerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fcdahale etmeme ruhuyla g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7) Ekonomik ya\u015fam\u0131 profesyonellerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla, i\u00e7 ko\u015fullara ve insanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8) D\u0131\u015f ticaret s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin tazminatlarla ilgili ger\u00e7ek verilerin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131, Macar uranyumuyla ilgili bilgi verilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9) End\u00fcstri standartlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen revize edilmesi, \u00fccret taleplerinin incelenmesi, i\u015f\u00e7iler daha uygun bir \u00fccret sisteminin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10) Zorunlu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sistemi yerine bireysel giri\u015fimcili\u011fin desteklenmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11) Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir mahkeme ile t\u00fcm siyasi ve ekonomik davalar\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi, masum h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilen mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n Macaristan’a geri getirilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12) \u0130fade ve konu\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fccretsiz radyo, MEFESZ gazetesinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Herkesin kendi kadrosunu olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na izin verilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13) Stalin heykelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yerine 1848 Macar Devrimi’ni anlatan bir an\u0131t dikilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14) Yeni ulusal arma yarat\u0131lmas\u0131. Macar geleneklerine uygun olarak askerler i\u00e7in yeni \u00fcniformalar d\u00fczenlenmesi, 15 Mart’\u0131n ulusal bayram ilan edilmesi, 6 Ekim’in ulusal yas ve \u00f6\u011fretim tatili olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15) Polonya Ekimi olarak bilinen siyasi reformlar\u0131 talep eden Polonyal\u0131lar ile dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6sterilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16) Talepleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere 27 Ekim’de yap\u0131lacak bir ulusal \u00f6\u011frenci konferans\u0131nda bulu\u015fma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u011frenciler bu bildiriyi haz\u0131rlarken Poznan Ayaklanmas\u0131 ile istediklerini elde eden ve Gomulka\u2019y\u0131 tekrardan iktidara getiren Polonya halk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131yordu. Macarlar, Polonyal\u0131lar yapt\u0131ysa biz de yapabiliriz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydiler. Onlar\u0131n da bir Gomulka\u2019s\u0131 vard\u0131 ki bu isim hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Imre Nagy\u2019d\u0131! Ancak Macarlar bir noktay\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Polonya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ayaklanma, sosyalist y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmay\u0131 talep eden bir i\u015f\u00e7i hareketiydi. \u00d6\u011frencilerin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 16 maddelik bildiri ise Sovyetler \u2019in do\u011fu blo\u011fundaki otoritesini sarsabilecek ve kabul edilemeyecek radikal taleplerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 23 Ekim 1956 Olaylar\u0131<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

23 Ekim 1956 sabah\u0131nda Budape\u015fte halk\u0131 g\u00fcne, yaln\u0131zca \u00f6\u011frencilerin d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi sakin bir protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak hen\u00fcz kimse, o g\u00fcn ya\u015fanacak olaylar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi sarsacak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devrime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini bilmiyordu. Ba\u015fta yaln\u0131zca \u00f6\u011frenci y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bu hareket, muhalif ve ayd\u0131n kesimin bir araya geldi\u011fi Pet\u00f6fi Derne\u011fi\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6\u011frenciler, sosyalist y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 taleplerini i\u00e7eren 16 maddelik bildiriyi okumak i\u00e7in S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi heykelinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7mi\u015flerdi. S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi, 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda Macarlar\u2019\u0131n Habsburg Hanedan\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n isim babas\u0131yd\u0131 ve bu tercih tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Bu s\u0131rada parti genel sekreteri Ern\u0151 Ger\u0151, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren parti genel sekreteri olacak J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r ve beraberindeki heyet, Josip Broz Tito ile Yugoslavya-Macaristan dostluk anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalad\u0131ktan sonra Belgrad\u2019dan Budape\u015fte\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. Ern\u0151 Ger\u0151 ve beraberindeki heyet ba\u015fkentte ba\u015flayan \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6sterilerinden \u00e7oktan haberdar olmu\u015ftu. Ancak Ger\u0151, olaylara uzla\u015fmac\u0131 yakla\u015fmak yerine sert bir tutum benimsedi ve kendi talimat\u0131yla Budape\u015fte Radyosu\u2019nda bir duyuru yay\u0131mlatt\u0131. Yap\u0131lan duyuruda \u201cToplum d\u00fczenini korumak amac\u0131yla, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir emre kadar hi\u00e7bir toplant\u0131ya, hi\u00e7bir toplumsal g\u00f6steriye izin vermemektedir.\u201d <\/em>\u0130fadeleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hata yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Fejt\u00f6, 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fehir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe haz\u0131rlanmaktayd\u0131 ve bu bir halk hareketiydi ve halk bir \u015feylerin de\u011fi\u015fmesini istiyorsa hi\u00e7bir g\u00fc\u00e7 onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duramazd\u0131. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc engellemelere ra\u011fmen y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Pet\u00f6fi heykelinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde toplanan gen\u00e7lere halk taraf\u0131ndan sevilen oyuncu Imre Sinkovics de kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve 1848\u2019deki vatansever ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fareti olan \u201cTalpra Magyar\u201d (Aya\u011fa Kalk Macar) \u015fiirini okudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aya\u011fa kalk Macar!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vatan seni \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vakit geldi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya \u015fimdi ya asla<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esir mi olaca\u011f\u0131z, \u00f6zg\u00fcr m\u00fc?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesele budur<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap tercihini<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nihayetinde h\u00fck\u00fcmet vazge\u00e7ti. Saat 13:23\u2019te Radyo yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Parti Birinci Sekreteri Ger\u00f6\u2019n\u00fcn ak\u015fam saat 20.00\u2019de halka seslenece\u011fini bildirdi. Ancak bu s\u0131rada Budape\u015fte\u2019deki atmosfer art\u0131k kontrol edilemeyecek noktaya yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eehrin farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde toplanan g\u00f6stericiler ile Macar gizli polisi olan \u00c1VH birlikleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle radyo binas\u0131 \u00e7evresinde radyodan 16 maddelik bildiriyi okutmak isteyen \u00f6\u011frencilerle \u00c1VH birlikleri aras\u0131nda gerilim giderek y\u00fckselirken halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Parlamento binas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde toplanarak Imre Nagy\u2019nin yeniden ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa getirilmesini talep ediyordu. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde SSCB olaylar\u0131 yak\u0131ndan takip edip raporlamalar\u0131 ad\u0131na Mikhail Suslov ve Anastas Mikoyan\u2019\u0131 Budape\u015fte\u2019ye g\u00f6nderdi. Saatler 20.00\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde ise Ger\u0151 adeta yang\u0131na benzinle giden o konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBu halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tehdit edilen \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 iktidar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n ate\u015fli savunmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u201cGen\u00e7li\u011fimizin aras\u0131nda \u015fovenizmin zehrini yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve ulusal karakterdeki g\u00f6sterisine izin veren devletimizin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 demokratik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten yararlananlar\u0131 k\u0131n\u0131yoruz.\u201d<\/em> Diyerek olaylar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almas\u0131 i\u00e7in SSCB ordusunu Budape\u015fte\u2019ye davet etti. Ger\u0151\u2019n\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konu\u015fma halk aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6fkeye neden oldu. Bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00e7iye g\u00f6re Ger\u0151\u2019n\u00fcn bu konu\u015fmas\u0131, olaylar\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmez hale gelmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer Ger\u0151 bu konu\u015fmay\u0131 yapmasayd\u0131 ya da daha uzla\u015fmac\u0131 bir dil kullansayd\u0131 belki de bu kadar masum Macar vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131 akmayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 Devrimin Radikalle\u015fmesi<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Devrimin ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnden Budape\u015fte\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilen Sovyet yetkililer Mikhail Suslov ve Anastas Mikoyan, Moskova\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdikleri raporlarda olaylar\u0131n s\u0131radan bir \u00f6\u011frenci protestosunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti\u011fini belirttiler. \u00d6zellikle Ern\u0151 Ger\u0151 y\u00f6netiminin halk \u00fczerindeki me\u015fruiyetini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kaybetti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Sovyet yetkililer, toplumsal tansiyonu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla Imre Nagy\u2019nin yeniden ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa getirilmesi gerekti\u011fini savundular. B\u00f6ylece 24 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k makam\u0131na Imre Nagy getirilirken, s\u00f6ylemleriyle ayaklanman\u0131n daha radikal bir h\u00e2l almas\u0131na neden olan parti sekreteri Ern\u0151 Ger\u0151\u2019n\u00fcn yerine ise J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r getirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 24 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc Sovyet ordusu Budape\u015fte\u2019ye girmi\u015f ama 28 Ekim tarihine kadar bir sald\u0131r\u0131 emri almam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u0130ktidar\u0131 devralan Imre Nagy, ilk icraat olarak g\u00f6stericilere silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Budape\u015fte\u2019yi terk edece\u011fini vaat etmek oldu. Sovyet liderleri bu duruma ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ku\u015fkuyla yakla\u015fsa da Macar liderini destekleme karar\u0131 verdi. Devrimin ilk g\u00fcnlerinden itibaren Macaristan\u2019dan Moskova\u2019ya rapor veren Suslov, halk\u0131n \u00f6fkesini dindirip \u00fclkeyi yeniden parti denetimine sokmak i\u00e7in bu fedakarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtti. (\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, s. 18) B\u00f6ylece 28 Ekim\u2019de askeri birlikler Budape\u015fte\u2019den \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve 31 Ekim sabah\u0131 \u00fclkede herhangi bir Sovyet askerinin kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc vermi\u015fti. Ancak verilen s\u00f6zler yerini bulmad\u0131. SSCB\u2019nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00e7ekilme yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6stermelikti ve Macaristan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda birliklerini g\u00fcvenlik ad\u0131na tutmaya devam ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te halk\u0131n Nagy \u00fczerindeki reform talepleri artt\u0131 ve Nagy 30 Ekim tarihinde \u00fclkenin \u00e7ok partili hayata yeniden d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilan etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klama Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni olduk\u00e7a rahats\u0131z etmi\u015fti. Suslov ve Mikoyan\u2019\u0131n bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Moskova\u2019ya verdi\u011fi raporlarda Macaristan\u2019daki durumun giderek siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talebine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve SSCB\u2019nin Macaristan \u00fczerindeki siyasi otoritesinin giderek azald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 art\u0131k bir askeri m\u00fcdahalede bulunulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirttiler. Askeri m\u00fcdahale sonras\u0131 yeni y\u00f6netim, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn gecesi SSCB y\u00f6netimiyle gizlice g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta reform yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir profil gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ancak sonras\u0131nda SSCB birliklerini Budape\u015fte\u2019ye askeri m\u00fcdahalede bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in davet eden J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r \u00f6nderli\u011finde kurulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ba\u015fbakan Imre Nagy, Sovyetler taraf\u0131ndan verilen s\u00f6zlerin tutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Sovyet ordusunun Macaristan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmedi\u011fini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek ve halk\u0131n\u0131 da arkas\u0131na alarak 1 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihinde Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131\u2019ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan edecekti. SSCB i\u00e7in Nagy ve Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n reformcu talepleri bir yere kadar kabul edilebilirdi, ancak b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m asla kabul edilemezdi. (Hobsbawm, s. 457) \u00dclkesinin Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131\u2019ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131n art\u0131k tarafs\u0131z bir devlet oldu\u011funu ilan eden Nagy, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019den ve Bat\u0131 Blo\u011fundan destek talep edecekti. Ancak y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc Bat\u0131\u2019ya d\u00f6nmek isteyen ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f g\u00f6steren bu halk\u0131n yard\u0131m \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde asla duyulmayacakt\u0131. Bunun sebebi \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019na asker \u00e7\u0131kararak fiilen M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu \u015fartlarda Do\u011fu\u2019nun sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir fark kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve her iki taraf\u0131nda birbirine s\u00f6yleyecek s\u00f6z\u00fc yoktu. (Armao\u011flu, s. 245)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Nagy\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 Macar halk\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck destek g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve belirli s\u00fcredir grevde olan i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u015flerine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Macaristan i\u00e7in her \u015fey normalle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.  3 Kas\u0131m 1956\u2019da binlerce Rus tank\u0131 Macaristan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. \u0130nsanlar kazand\u0131klar\u0131na, devrimin ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Sokaklar zaferi kutluyordu. Sadece Imre Nagy ve \u00e7ok az gazeteci ger\u00e7ekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. O da Sovyetler\u2019in geri gelecek olmas\u0131yd\u0131. (Irving, 1986, s. 551)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.4 4 Kas\u0131m 1956: Sovyet M\u00fcdahalesi<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Imre Nagy\u2019nin iktidara geli\u015f s\u00fcrecinden bu yana halk\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve Macaristan\u2019daki SSCB otoritesini korumak i\u00e7in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli reformlara g\u00f6z yumulabilirdi. Ancak 1 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihinde Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7ekildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kabul edilemez bir geli\u015fmeydi. Moskova y\u00f6netimi, Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019ndan kopmas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tek bir \u00fclkenin kaybedilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. SSCB\u2019ye g\u00f6re Macaristan\u2019da ya\u015fanacak bir kopu\u015f, Polonya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer sosyalist \u00fclkelerde de domino etkisi yaratarak Sovyet n\u00fcfuzunun Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine neden olabilirdi. Bu nedenle Sovyet y\u00f6netimi asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahalenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funa karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Nagy, Sovyetler\u2019in Macaristan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesinin ge\u00e7ici bir yan\u0131lsama oldu\u011funu ve daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6nece\u011fini biliyordu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Budape\u015fte B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Yuri Andropov ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen Imre Nagy, \u201cE\u011fer tanklar\u0131n\u0131z Budape\u015fte\u2019ye girerse onlarla \u00e7\u0131plak ellerimle sava\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.\u201d<\/strong> s\u00f6zleriyle Sovyet m\u00fcdahalesine kar\u015f\u0131 direnece\u011fini ifade etti. (Fejt\u00f6, 2012) Ancak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi buna m\u00fcsaade etmedi ve 4 Kas\u0131m 1956 sabah\u0131 Budape\u015fte’ye yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000 tankla girerek geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir asker\u00ee harek\u00e2t ba\u015flatt\u0131. Sovyet ordusu k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde radyo binalar\u0131, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, asker\u00ee merkezler ve devlet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Budape\u015fte sokaklar\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fan\u0131rken Macar direni\u015f\u00e7ileri Sovyet tanklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hafif silahlarla m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Sovyet m\u00fcdahalesi ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Imre Nagy radyodan halka seslenerek Sovyet ordusunun \u00fclkeye sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. Nagy konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Macar h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin g\u00f6rev ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ve \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Ancak Sovyet asker\u00ee \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Macar direni\u015f\u00e7ilerin uzun s\u00fcre dayanabilmesi olduk\u00e7a zordu. \u00d6zellikle a\u011f\u0131r silahlar ve tank deste\u011fine sahip Sovyet birlikleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Budape\u015fte\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sovyet birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nan radyolardan Imre Nagy\u2019nin iktidardan al\u0131narak yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin g\u00f6reve getirildi\u011fi duyuruluyordu. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz devrim g\u00fcnlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda reform yanl\u0131s\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ancak sonras\u0131nda gizlice Sovyet y\u00f6netimiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek onlar\u0131 Budape\u015fte\u2019ye askeri bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in davet eden J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r \u00f6nderli\u011finde kurulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Nihayetinde Macar Devrimi sona ermi\u015fti. Peki 3000\u2019e yak\u0131n Macar bo\u015funa m\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti? 1956 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nem Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n tam istedi\u011fi gibi olmasa da, sert bir rejim olarak da devam etmedi. SSCB\u2019nin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kadar d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6receli reformist ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131 ve rejim liberalle\u015fti, yani 1956\u2019n\u0131n hedefleri, Sovyetler\u2019in kabul edebilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler i\u00e7inde, k\u0131smi bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. (Hobsbawm, s. 458) Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131, tezimizin 4.2 K\u00e1d\u00e1r Y\u00f6netimi Alt\u0131nda Gula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizmi ve G\u00f6rece Liberalizasyon adl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. DEVR\u0130M\u0130N SONU\u00c7LARI VE K\u00c1D\u00c1R D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

 <\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

4.1 Nagy\u2019nin Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve \u0130dam\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

4 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihinde Sovyet ordusunun Budape\u015fte\u2019ye girmesiyle birlikte Macar Devrimi asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sona ermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Imre Nagy ise Sovyet m\u00fcdahalesine kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilecek d\u00fczenli bir asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. Devrim g\u00fcnlerinde kurulan direni\u015f birlikleri par\u00e7al\u0131 yap\u0131dayd\u0131 ve Sovyet ordusunun tanklar\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcre dayanabilmeleri olduk\u00e7a zordu. Bu nedenle Nagy\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcnde iki se\u00e7enek kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: ya Sovyetler taraf\u0131ndan tutuklanacakt\u0131 ya da kendisine yap\u0131lan teklif do\u011frultusunda Yugoslavya B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacakt\u0131. Sonunda yan\u0131nda bulunan yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte Yugoslav El\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019ne gitmeyi kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r liderli\u011finde Sovyet destekli yeni y\u00f6netim olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00e1d\u00e1r, Sovyet m\u00fcdahalesini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da Imre Nagy ve beraberindeki isimlerin teslim edilmesi i\u00e7in Yugoslavya y\u00f6netimiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Yugoslav lider Tito ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Nagy\u2019nin g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemekteydi. Bu nedenle Yugoslav yetkililer, Nagy ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmeden evlerine d\u00f6nebilmeleri konusunda garanti talep etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e1d\u00e1r y\u00f6netimi ise Yugoslav taraf\u0131na, Nagy ve beraberindeki ki\u015filerin ge\u00e7mi\u015f faaliyetleri nedeniyle cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmayacaklar\u0131na dair g\u00fcvence verdi. Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda Nagy\u2019y\u0131n serbest bir \u015fekilde evine d\u00f6nebilece\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc verildi. Ancak bu durum ger\u00e7ekte bir tuzaktan ibaretti. 22 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihinde Yugoslav El\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019nden ayr\u0131lan Nagy ve beraberindeki grup, Sovyet g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan Romanya\u2019ya ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay Yugoslavya ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131nda da ciddi bir diplomatik krize neden oldu. Yugoslav y\u00f6netimi, Nagy\u2019nin ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde protesto ederek yap\u0131lan anla\u015fman\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fini savundu. Ancak Sovyet y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli mesele, Macaristan\u2019daki devrimci hareketin sembol isimlerini tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te K\u00e1d\u00e1r, Sovyet m\u00fcdahalesini kendince me\u015fru k\u0131labilmek ad\u0131na ya\u015fananlar\u0131 \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 devrim\u201d ve \u201cbeyaz ter\u00f6r\u201d olarak adland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u00e1d\u00e1r 13 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihinde Pravda gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanan a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda \u015fu ifadeleri kullan\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGirdi\u011fim k\u00f6t\u00fc durumla ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in sadece iki yol kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birincisi, Beyaz Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nce Budape\u015fte\u2019de, sonra ta\u015frada i\u015f\u00e7ileri, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, kom\u00fcnistleri sonra da kom\u00fcnistlere yak\u0131nl\u0131k duyan herkesi ve nihayet demokrat vatanseverleri katlederken hareketsiz kalmak\u2026 Bundan sonra kar\u015f\u0131 ihtilal, halk g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yok edecek ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci emperyalistlere terk edecek olan bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kuracakt\u0131. \u0130kinci \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, Sovyet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmak ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere kar\u015f\u0131 ihtilal sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in eldeki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leri kullanmakt\u0131\u2026\u201d (Fejt\u00f6, 2012)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imre Nagy ise bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Romanya\u2019da uzun s\u00fcre g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda tutulduktan sonra gizli \u015fekilde yarg\u0131land\u0131. Yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcresince Nagy\u2019a y\u00f6neltilen su\u00e7lamalar sosyalist d\u00fczene ihanet ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131 Sovyet ittifak sisteminden koparma giri\u015fimiydi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Imre Nagy, \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131larak 16 Haziran 1958 tarihinde idam edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet destekli y\u00f6netim, Imre Nagy\u2019nin toplum \u00fczerindeki etkisini tamamen silmek istiyordu. Bu nedenle uzun y\u0131llar boyunca ad\u0131 kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde an\u0131lmamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen Imre Nagy, Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131ndan bir g\u00fcn bile silinmedi. Y\u0131llar ge\u00e7se de Macaristan\u2019da 1956 Devrimi denildi\u011finde akla gelen ilk isim her zaman Imre Nagy oldu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Nagy, bir\u00e7ok Macar i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bir ba\u015fbakan de\u011fil, \u00fclkesinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u011fruna Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alan bir kahramand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 K\u00e1d\u00e1r Y\u00f6netimi Alt\u0131nda Gula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizmi ve G\u00f6rece Liberalizasyon<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Macar Devrimi, Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in Bat\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sertle\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te devrime kat\u0131lan binlerce ki\u015fi tutukland\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fcz bin Macar \u00fclkesini terk ederek Bat\u0131 Avrupa’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, bu devrim y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Do\u011fu Blo\u011fu \u00fclkeleri halklar\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019dan yard\u0131m beklememeleri gerekti\u011fini, kaderlerinin tamamen Sovyetlerin ellerinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldular. (Karadeli, 2020) Otoriter bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ba\u015flayan Kadar y\u00f6netimi, zamanla \u00fclkenin sadece bask\u0131 rejimiyle y\u00f6netilemeyece\u011fini anlad\u0131 ve daha farkl\u0131 bir yol izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Janos Kadar \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019yi \u00e7o\u011funlukla Rakosi\u2018nin eski destek\u00e7ileri olu\u015ftursa da belli say\u0131da eski Nagy\u2019ciler de vard\u0131. Bunlar Parti\u2019nin i\u00e7inde kalarak y\u00f6neticileri daha liberal bir y\u00f6ne iteceklerini, b\u00f6ylece dogmac\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda denge unsuru olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcmit edenlerdi. Zamanla Kom\u00fcnist Parti, se\u00e7kin y\u00f6neticiler partisi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak Kadar\u2019\u0131n yava\u015f yava\u015f g\u00fcven verdi\u011fi ve her iki cepheyi de b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran, bir yandan Rakosicilerle, di\u011fer yanda Nagy\u2019cilerle Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in merkezci kom\u00fcnizm g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc beyinlerine i\u015fledi\u011fi bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n partisi haline gelmi\u015fti. 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Macaristan’da g\u00f6rece daha esnek bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Gula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizmi ad\u0131 verilen sistem alt\u0131nda ekonomik yard\u0131mlar ve daha ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir tar\u0131m politikas\u0131 sayesinde \u00fclke h\u0131zla yaralar\u0131n\u0131 sard\u0131 ve di\u011fer Do\u011fu Blo\u011fu \u00fclkelerine k\u0131yasla ya\u015fam seviyesi y\u00fckseldi. B\u00f6ylece Macarlar, Rakosici rejim d\u00f6nemine k\u0131yasla daha fazla g\u00fcven duygusu i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. (Fejt\u00f6, 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. SOVYET ETK\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N SONA ERMES\u0130 VE TAM BA\u011eIMSIZ MACAR\u0130STAN<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

5.1 Perestroyka ve Glasnost Politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Macaristan\u2019da G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1980\u2019li y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde \u00fclkenin y\u00f6netim sistemi olan Gula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizm\u2019inde \u00e7e\u015fitli aksamalar ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her ne kadar Macaristan\u2019da di\u011fer Do\u011fu Bloku \u00fclkelerine k\u0131yasla daha y\u00fcksek ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olsa da zaman i\u00e7erisinde ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme yava\u015flam\u0131\u015f, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar artm\u0131\u015f ve sistemin yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131 daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ekonomik buhrandan kurtulabilmek ad\u0131na \u00fclke, Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu\u2019na (IMF) \u00fcye olarak y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc tekrardan bat\u0131ya \u00e7evirmi\u015fti. (Sancaktar, 2019) Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda iktidara gelen Mikhail Gorbachev, Do\u011fu Blo\u011funun i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ekonomik ve siyasi sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fabilmek amac\u0131yla kapsaml\u0131 reform programlar\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un uygulamaya koydu\u011fu Perestroyka (Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma) politikas\u0131 ekonomik sistemin daha verimli h\u00e2le getirilmesini ama\u00e7larken, Glasnost (A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k) politikas\u0131 ise blok i\u00e7erisindeki ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn geni\u015fletilmesini ve devlet y\u00f6netiminde daha fazla \u015feffafl\u0131k sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefliyordu. 1956’da ayaklanan, 1982’de IMF\u2019ye \u00fcye olan ve Bat\u0131 kavram\u0131na sempati besleyen Macaristan, Do\u011fu Blo\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde bu reformlardan en h\u0131zl\u0131 etkilenen \u00fclkelerden biri oldu. Glasnost politikalar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle daha \u00f6nce konu\u015fulmas\u0131 sak\u0131ncal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir\u00e7ok konu kamuoyunda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u00d6zellikle 1956 Macar Devrimi hakk\u0131ndaki resm\u00ee s\u00f6ylem sorgulanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar boyunca “kar\u015f\u0131 devrim” olarak nitelendirilen olaylar\u0131n asl\u0131nda ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve reform hareketi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi tart\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un en \u00f6nemli etkisi hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik geleneksel m\u00fcdahale politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi olmu\u015ftur. Getirdi\u011fi reform politikalar\u0131yla Gorba\u00e7ov, 1848\u2019de ve 1956\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ayaklanan bir millete tarihi bir f\u0131rsat vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 1989 Nagy\u2019nin Yeniden Defni ve Orb\u00e1n\u2019\u0131n Tarihi Konu\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1980’li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde Macaristan’da siyasi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k siyaset anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r bast\u0131r\u0131lan tarih\u00ee ve siyasi meseleler yeniden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Macar toplumunun en \u00f6nemli taleplerinden biri, 1956 Devrimi’nin sembol ismi olan Imre Nagy’nin resm\u00ee olarak itibar\u0131n\u0131n iade edilmesiydi. Bu do\u011frultuda 16 Haziran 1989 tarihinde Budape\u015fte’de tarih\u00ee bir t\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlendi. \u0130dam edili\u015finin \u00fczerinden otuz bir y\u0131l ge\u00e7en Imre Nagy ve beraberindeki devrim liderlerinin naa\u015flar\u0131 yeniden defnedildi. T\u00f6ren yaln\u0131zca bir cenaze merasimi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n kom\u00fcnist rejime kar\u015f\u0131 1956 y\u0131l\u0131ndan kalma bir i\u00e7 hesapla\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00f6ren s\u0131ras\u0131nda konu\u015fma yapan isimlerden biri de o d\u00f6nem hen\u00fcz 26 ya\u015f\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir siyaset\u00e7i olan Viktor Orb\u00e1n idi. Orb\u00e1n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c1848 Devrimi\u2019nden ve 1956 Devrimi\u2019nden bu yana amac\u0131m\u0131z hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmedi. 1848\u2019de de 1956\u2019da da gen\u00e7lerimiz Macaristan\u2019da Avrupai bir sivil demokrasi kurmak i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131lar\u2026 Onlar\u0131n kaderinden demokrasi ve kom\u00fcnizmin asla birlikte olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendik\u2026 1956 yak\u0131n zamana kadar milletimizin Bat\u0131l\u0131 refaha do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in son \u015fans\u0131yd\u0131. Devrimimizin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bizi zorla Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokaklar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u2026 E\u011fer kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcze inan\u0131rsak kom\u00fcnist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bitirebiliriz. Yeterince kararl\u0131 olursak, iktidar partisini \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7imlere zorlayabiliriz. E\u011fer 1956 ideallerini unutmazsak Rus askerlerinin derhal \u00fclkemizden \u00e7ekilmesini konu\u015facak bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet se\u00e7ebiliriz. Ancak yeterince cesur olursak devrimin b\u00fct\u00fcn ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliriz. 1956\u2019da kendi yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 katleden kom\u00fcnist siyaset\u00e7ilerin bo\u015f vaatlerine art\u0131k inanamay\u0131z. Bunun ba\u015fka bir yolu yok.\u201d (O\u011fur, 2026)  <\/strong>\u0130fadelerini kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orban\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konu\u015fma Macaristan\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f nitekim ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde \u00fclkede \u00e7ok partili siyasal ya\u015fama ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f ve kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netimin sonu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fin ironik k\u0131sm\u0131 ise 1997\u2019de Rus kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6zleriyle iktidara gelen Viktor Orban, y\u0131llar sonra 2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus sempatizanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131yla koltu\u011funu kaybedecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 Sovyet Askerlerinin Macaristan\u2019dan \u00c7ekilmesi (1991)<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1989 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin benimsedi\u011fi ve Bat\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan “Sinatra Doktrini” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni yakla\u015f\u0131m do\u011frultusunda, Do\u011fu Bloku \u00fclkelerinin kendi geleceklerini tayin etme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu geli\u015fme, uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r Sovyet etkisi alt\u0131nda bulunan Macaristan’da da siyasi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, Imre Nagy’nin yeniden defin t\u00f6reninde gen\u00e7 siyaset\u00e7i Viktor Orb\u00e1n taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve Sovyet askerlerinin Macaristan’dan \u00e7ekilmesini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a talep eden konu\u015fma, \u00fclkedeki Sovyet varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fruiyetinin art\u0131k ciddi \u015fekilde sorgulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyordu. Ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan siyasi geli\u015fmeler ve demokratikle\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131 sonucunda Sovyet birlikleri kademeli olarak Macaristan’dan \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Nihayet 19 Haziran 1991 tarihinde son Sovyet askerinin de \u00fclkeyi terk etmesiyle, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu’nun Macaristan’a girmesiyle ba\u015flayan ve yakla\u015f\u0131k k\u0131rk alt\u0131 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Sovyet h\u00e2kimiyeti resmen sona erdi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve Macaristan tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olarak uluslararas\u0131 sistemdeki yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Macar halk\u0131, 1848 Devrimi’nden 1956 Macar Devrimi’ne uzanan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin ard\u0131ndan, kendi siyasi gelece\u011fini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce belirleyebilen egemen bir devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1956 Macar Devrimi, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fczerindeki h\u00e2kimiyetine kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen en \u00f6nemli halk hareketlerinden biri olarak tarihteki yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar devrim k\u0131sa vadede asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f olsa da uzun vadede Macaristan’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcrecine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan toplumsal hareket yaln\u0131zca ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n veya g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesinin sonucu de\u011fildir. Devrimin temelinde Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r devam eden ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iste\u011fi, Sovyet m\u00fcdahalelerine duydu\u011fu tepki ve daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir siyasal d\u00fczen aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Sovyet n\u00fcfuzu alt\u0131na giren Macaristan’da kurulan kom\u00fcnist sistem \u00f6zellikle R\u00e1kosi d\u00f6neminde sert Stalinist uygulamalarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Siyasi bask\u0131lar, ekonomik sorunlar ve toplum \u00fczerindeki yo\u011fun denetim zaman i\u00e7erisinde rejime kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi bir ho\u015fnutsuzluk yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Imre Nagy taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan reform giri\u015fimleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir umut olu\u015fturmu\u015f olsa da bu s\u00fcrecin sona erdirilmesi toplumdaki memnuniyetsizli\u011fi daha da art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak 23 Ekim 1956 tarihinde ba\u015flayan \u00f6\u011frenci hareketleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrim s\u00fcrecinde Imre Nagy’nin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta reform yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir \u00e7izgi izleyen Nagy, olaylar\u0131n geli\u015fimiyle birlikte Macaristan’\u0131n tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan ve \u00fclkenin Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131’ndan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen bir lider konumuna gelmi\u015ftir. Bu durum Sovyetler Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Bloku’nun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik ciddi bir tehdit olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve 4 Kas\u0131m 1956 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahale ile devrim kanla bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Sovyet tanklar\u0131 devrimi sona erdirmi\u015f olsa da Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini hi\u00e7bir zaman ak\u0131llar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kartamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r d\u00f6neminde uygulanan Gula\u015f Kom\u00fcnizmi politikalar\u0131, Macaristan’\u0131n di\u011fer Do\u011fu Bloku \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6re daha istikrarl\u0131 ve refah seviyesi y\u00fcksek bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte ekonomik iyile\u015fmeler, toplumun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k taleplerini tamamen ortadan kald\u0131ramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 1980’li y\u0131llarda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan Perestroyka ve Glasnost politikalar\u0131, Macaristan’daki de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve demokratik talepler yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan siyasi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahaleci politikas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131, Macaristan’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yolundaki son engelleri de ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19 Haziran 1991 tarihinde son Sovyet askerinin Macaristan’dan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00fclke tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak 1956 Macar Devrimi, asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsa da tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir hareket olarak de\u011ferlendirilemez. Devrim, Macar halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve hakl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k taleplerini t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve ilerleyen y\u0131llarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek demokratik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ilham vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1956 Macar Ayaklanmas\u0131, baz\u0131 yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan devrim (bkz. (Fejt\u00f6, 2012)), baz\u0131 yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan ise kar\u015f\u0131devrim (bkz. (Trory, 1981)) olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak olaylar\u0131n tarihsel arka plan\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, bu hareketin yaln\u0131zca ideolojik bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi eksik kalacakt\u0131r. Nitekim 1956’da Budape\u015fte sokaklar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen ses, 1848’den beri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, ulusal egemenlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck talep eden bir milletin bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

 <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

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Burhanl\u0131, F. (tarih yok). DO\u011eU BLO\u011eUNDAK\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER. 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fejt\u00f6, F. (2012). 1956 Macar \u0130htilali. F. Fejt\u00f6 i\u00e7inde, 1956 Macar \u0130htilali<\/em> (s. 55).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6nel, E. (2009). The Consequences of De-Stalinization in Eastern Europe: The Comparative Analysis of the Hungarian Revolution and Prague Spring . s. 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gy\u00f6rgy, L. (1991). Hungary after the Second World War. G. LITVAN i\u00e7inde, Hungary after the Second World War<\/em> (s. 20-21).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hobsbawm, E. (tarih yok). K\u0131sa 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l 1914-1991 A\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131. E. Hobsbawm i\u00e7inde, K\u0131sa 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l 1914-1991 A\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em> (s. 457).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irving, D. (1986). Uprising! D. Irving i\u00e7inde, Uprising!<\/em> (s. 551).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karadeli, C. (2020). So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u0130lk A\u015famas\u0131nda Do\u011fu Avrupa: Sosyalizm ve Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 Kriz ve Siyaset Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karadeli, C. (tarih yok). STAL\u0130N VE KRU\u015e\u00c7OV D\u00d6NEMLER\u0130NDE DO\u011eU AVRUPA\u2019DA SOVYETLER VE KR\u0130ZLER. 247.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u011fur, Y. (2026). \u201cRuszkik Haza!\u201d ile gelip \u201cRuszkik Haza!\u201d ile gitti.<\/em> Serbestiyet. adresinden al\u0131nd\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, N. (tarih yok). 1956 MACAR DEVR\u0130M\u0130. 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sancaktar, C. (2019). “Do\u011fu Avrupa’da Devlet\u00e7i Sosyalizmden Kapitalizme Ge\u00e7i\u015f”. . Balkan ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu Sosyal Bilimler<\/em>, 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trory, E. (1981). Macaristan 1919 ve 1956 Kar\u015f\u0131devrimin Anatomisi. E. Trory i\u00e7inde, Macaristan 1919 ve 1956 Kar\u015f\u0131devrimin Anatomisi<\/em> (s. 18-27). \u0130stanbul: Yaz\u0131lama Yay\u0131nevi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uslu, A. (2006). \u201cEllinci Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde 1956 Macar Devrimi\u201d. Devrimci Marksizm<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1956 Macaristan Devrimi: Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne Kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130syan\u0131n Nedenleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Baki Berk Munar 1,* 1 Lisans \u00d6\u011frencisi, Uluslararas\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1097,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[297,346,343,159,344,345],"class_list":["post-1096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-siyaset","tag-297","tag-hungarian-revolution","tag-macar-devrimi","tag-macaristan","tag-sovyetler-birligi","tag-sscb"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1096"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1098,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1096\/revisions\/1098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1096"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1096"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatica.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}